Overblog Tous les blogs Top blogs Mode, Art & Design Tous les blogs Mode, Art & Design
Editer l'article Suivre ce blog Administration + Créer mon blog
MENU

Vous trouverez une présentation très accessible des articles de vos "THEMES FAVORIS" dans le répertoire ci dessous.

John Burgum and the Artistry of Carriage Painting/ John Burgum et l'art de la peinture décorative sur voitures.

Carriage painting was a specialized skill that contributed to the aesthetic appearance of horse-drawn vehicles. As summarized in M. C. Hillick’s Practical Carriage and Wagon Painting:

"Its chief attainments are, firstly, to preserve the structural parts of the vehicle from the action of the elements; secondly, from the remorseless and gnawing tooth of service; thirdly, to aid in making the vehicle really beautiful, a work of art."1

Ranging from simple color applications to complete pictorial programs, carriage painting was an integral part of the larger system of carriage manufacturing. Describing the requisites of the carriage painter, Hillick wrote:

"Hemust know well how to build a beautiful and durable surface. He should be a first-class colorist, understanding all the features of color mixing and fully conversant with the laws of harmony and contrast. He will like wise find it necessary to be an unexcelled master of the varnish brush, a skilled striper, wagon letterer, and decorative painter of established ability."2

Carriage painters transformed utilitarian vehicles in to works of art by using colors and a wide range of ornamental  devices. Surviving examples of carriage painting are rare. Original surfaces are often removed in the process of overly zealous restoration or neglected to the point of total deterioration. Other than brief references, there are few artifacts or documents representing American carriage painters. Because of the preservation efforts of organizations such as the New Hampshire Historical Society and institutions that have conserved vehicles, we are able to study and appreciate the work of carriage painter, John Burgum.

................

La peinture de voitures était un savoir-faire spécialisé qui contribuait à l'esthétique des véhicules hippomobiles. Comme le résume M. C. Hillick dans son ouvrage intitulé Practical Carriage and Wagon Painting :

"Ses principaux objectifs sont, premièrement, de préserver les éléments structurels du véhicule contre les intempéries, deuxièmement, contre l'usure inexorable due à l'utilisation, et troisièmement, de contribuer à rendre le véhicule vraiment beau, une véritable œuvre d'art."1

Allant de la simple application de couleurs à des oeuvres picturales, la peinture de voitures faisait partie intégrante du  de la fabrication des voitures. Décrivant les qualités requises du peintre en voitures, Hillick écrivait :

" Il doit savoir comment créer une surface belle et durable. Il doit être un coloriste de premier ordre, comprendre toutes les caractéristiques du mélange des couleurs et connaître parfaitement les lois de l'harmonie et du contraste. Il devra également être un maître inégalé du pinceau à vernis, un dessinateur habile, un peintre en lettres et un peintre décorateur au talent reconnu".2

Les peintres en voitures ont transformé des véhicules utilitaires en œuvres d'art en utilisant des couleurs et une large gamme de dispositifs ornementaux. Les exemples de peinture de voitures qui ont survécu sont rares. Les surfaces d'origine sont souvent retirées lors de restaurations trop zélées ou négligées au point de se détériorer complètement. À part de brèves références, il existe peu d'objets ou de documents présentant les peintres de voitures américains. Grâce aux efforts de préservation d'organisations telles que la New Hampshire Historical Society et d'institutions qui ont conservé des véhicules, nous pouvons étudier et apprécier le travail du peintre de voitures John Burgum.

L to R: John Burgum (1826-1907). Photograph courtesy of the Burgum Family. John Burgum, (1826-1907), Self Portrait, c. 1880. Oil on canvas. The Edwin G. Burgum Collection, New Hampshire Historical Society.

L to R: John Burgum (1826-1907). Photograph courtesy of the Burgum Family. John Burgum, (1826-1907), Self Portrait, c. 1880. Oil on canvas. The Edwin G. Burgum Collection, New Hampshire Historical Society.

John Burgum was born in Birmingham, England in 1826.At age 14 he apprenticed with clock dial painter, Christopher Wright.3He completed his apprenticeship under Wright’s successor, John Wright Fletcher in 1846, becoming a Journeyman. Burgum immigrated to America in 1850. Almost immediately after arriving in Boston, Massachusetts he was hired as ornamental painter for a carriage firm in Roxbury. Soon afterwards, he was recruited by George Main, foreman of the painting department at the J.S. & E.A. Abbot & Company in Concord, New Hampshire.4In addition to painting coaches for the Abbot-Downing Company, Burgum also painted Gypsy wagons, circus wagons, fire fighting vehicles and omnibuses. He worked for other companies including the Amoskeage Manufacturing Company, Manchester, New Hampshire that made firefighting equipment.

...............

John Burgum est né à Birmingham, en Angleterre, en 1826. À l'âge de 14 ans, il est entré en apprentissage chez Christopher Wright, peintre de cadrans d'horloges.3 Il a terminé son apprentissage auprès du successeur de Wright, John Wright Fletcher, en 1846, devenant ainsi compagnon. Burgum a immigré en Amérique en 1850. Presque immédiatement après son arrivée à Boston, dans le Massachusetts, il a été engagé comme peintre décorateur pour une entreprise de voitures à Roxbury. Peu après, il fut recruté par George Main, contremaître du département peinture de la J.S.&E.A.Abbot & Company à Concord, dans le New Hampshire.4 En plus de peindre des voitures pour la société Abbot-Downing, Burgum peignait également des roulottes de gitans, des roulottes de cirque, des véhicules de pompiers et des omnibus. Il a travaillé pour d'autres entreprises, notamment l'Amoskeage Manufacturing Company, à Manchester, dans le New Hampshire, qui fabriquait du matériel de lutte contre l'incendie.

L to R: Ledge / Gypsy Wagon, c. 1880. Detail of a seascape prior to and after conservation on the rear panel of the Ledge Wagon, c. 1880. The overall pictorial program on this vehicle is stylistically similar to Burgum’s art. The seascape is based on Burgum’s sketches from nature. Courtesy of the Long Island Museum

L to R: Ledge / Gypsy Wagon, c. 1880. Detail of a seascape prior to and after conservation on the rear panel of the Ledge Wagon, c. 1880. The overall pictorial program on this vehicle is stylistically similar to Burgum’s art. The seascape is based on Burgum’s sketches from nature. Courtesy of the Long Island Museum

Abbot-Downing dissolved in 1847 and Lewis Downing formed a partnership with his sons under the name of L. Downing & Sons. Abbot operated a competing business as J. S.& E. A. Abbot & Co. Lewis Downing retired in 1865 and his sons rejoined their father’s former partner as Abbot-Downing Company in 1873 and continued to make horse drawn vehicles until around 1905.

During its long history extending from original founders and their sons, the company made a variety of vehicles but specialized in commercial coaches. These were used to transport passengers on established stage routes that multiplied because of the growth of the railroad. Not only did the railroad ship coaches to distant locations, it also expanded the development of western towns and cities. These coaches were also used to deliver passengers from train stations to hotels that were being built as national tourism proliferated. Although associated with the American West because of popular media, their coaches were used throughout the East and Midwest.

Public stage coaches were among the most extensively decorated of all horse drawn vehicles. They were often painted with various popular ornamental devices and lettering that announced destinations or proprietors of the stage. Abbot- Downing was one of America’s premier manufacturers of public coaches and ornamental painters were important members of their labor force. By the 1870s the company received commissions from all parts of America, South America,  Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. One of their most famous orders was from the Wells Fargo Company. On April15, 1868,thirty-eight coaches on fifteen flat bed cars pulled by the locomotive Pembroke from the Boston & Concord Railroad departed Concord. It included:

"four long box cars, containing 60 four-horse set harnesses from James H. Hill & Co.’s celebrated harness manufactory, and spare work for repairing the coaches, such as bolts, hubs, spokes, thorough-braces, etc., all consigned to Wells, Fargo & Co., Omaha and Salt Lake City, the whole valued at $45,000. The coaches are finished in a superior manner, the bodies red, and the running part yellow. Each door has a handsome picture, ostly landscapes, and not woarea like. They are gems of beauty, and would afford study for hours. They were painted by Mr. J. Burgum."6

..............

Abbot-Downing a été dissoute en 1847 et Lewis Downing s'est associé à ses fils sous le nom de L. Downing & Sons. Abbot exploitait une entreprise concurrente sous le nom de J. S.& E. A. Abbot & Co. Lewis Downing prit sa retraite en 1865 et ses fils rejoignirent l'ancien associé de leur père pour former la société Abbot-Downing Company en 1873, qui continua à fabriquer des véhicules hippomobiles jusqu'en 1905 environ.

Au cours de sa longue histoire, qui s'étend depuis ses fondateurs à leurs fils, la société a fabriqué divers véhicules, mais s'est spécialisée dans les voitures commerciales. Celles-ci étaient utilisées pour transporter des passagers sur des lignes régulières qui se multipliaient en raison de l'essor du chemin de fer. Non seulement le chemin de fer acheminait les voitures vers des destinations lointaines, mais il favorisait également le développement des villes de l'Ouest. Ces voitures étaient également utilisées pour transporter les passagers des gares vers les hôtels qui se construisaient à mesure que le tourisme national se développait. Bien qu'associées à l'Ouest américain en raison de leur popularité dans les médias, leurs voitures étaient utilisées dans tout l'Est et le Midwest.

Les diligences publiques étaient parmi les véhicules hippomobiles les plus richement décorés. Elles étaient souvent peintes de divers motifs ornementaux populaires et de lettrages indiquant leur destination ou le nom de leur propriétaire. Abbot-Downing était l'un des principaux fabricants américains de diligences publiques et les peintres décorateurs constituaient une part importante de sa main-d'œuvre.

Dans les années 1870, l'entreprise recevait des commandes provenant des États-Unis, d'Australie, de Nouvelle-Zélande et d'Afrique du Sud. L'une de leurs commandes les plus célèbres provenait de la Wells Fargo Company. Le 15 avril 1868, trente-huit diligences sur quinze wagons plats tirés par la locomotive Pembroke de la Boston & Concord Railroad quittaient Concord. Elle comprenait :

"quatre wagons longs contenant 60 harnais à quatre chevaux provenant de la célèbre manufacture de harnais James H. Hill & Co., ainsi que des pièces de rechange pour la réparation des voitures, telles que des boulons, des moyeux, des rayons, des renforts, etc., le tout expédié à Wells, Fargo & Co., Omaha et Salt Lake City, pour une valeur totale de 45 000 dollars. Les voitures sont d'une finition supérieure, la carrosserie est rouge et le châssis jaune. Chaque porte est ornée d'une jolie peinture, principalement des paysages, et aucune n'est identique. Ce sont de véritables joyaux qui pourraient être admirés pendant des heures. Elles ont été peintes par M. J. Burgum."6

Top to bottom: Benjamin Carr, Photographic View of Coaches Shipped by Abbot, Downing & Company, Concord, NH, April 15, 1868. John Burgum, An Express Freight Shipment of 30 Coaches, April 15, 1868. Oil on canvas. Courtesy of the New Hampshire Historical Society.

Top to bottom: Benjamin Carr, Photographic View of Coaches Shipped by Abbot, Downing & Company, Concord, NH, April 15, 1868. John Burgum, An Express Freight Shipment of 30 Coaches, April 15, 1868. Oil on canvas. Courtesy of the New Hampshire Historical Society.

The growth of the carriage industry during the nineteenth century was concurrent with advances in paint technology. Carriages in particular required special properties for paintsince the surfaces needed to be durable as well as aesthetically pleasing. Painting horse-drawn vehicles was a complicated process. Carriages in general are an assemblage of parts and materials and it was the task of the painter to unite those parts into a visually cohesive whole. This could be accomplished by using uniform or contrasting colors or basic devices such as striping. For commercial vehicles that featured eye-catching or thematic pictorial programs, the process was even more challenging. Ornamental paintings were compartmentalized by structural sections of the vehicle such as doors or crest panels and unified by decorative devices such as scrollwork and striping. Burgum may have specific orders such as the Railway Express Company’s request for bull dogs–their company logo– to be painted on doors and seat risers. Other orders would simply say “ornament up neat and tasty”7leaving the selection of decoration and pictorial program to Burgum’s artistic judgement.

"Burgum used a variety of resources to create designs and decorations. Carriage paintings like other aesthetic expressions were influenced by changing tastes and fashion. The visual vocabulary used to decorate carriages was influenced by many sources. By the nineteenth century, an era known for eclecticism, ornamental options proliferated. For carriage painters, trade journals and other print media provided seemingly endless resources for guidelines and instructions as well as ornamental and pictorial models".

During this time advancements in mass produced printing processes increasingly democratized art. Reproductions of paintings as prints were available as single prints or as illustrations in publications. In Burgum’s diaries he refers to “hunting up images” during his frequent trips to the Boston Museum of Fine Arts to purchase prints. As described by hisson Edwin (1858-1948), who joined his father in coach painting while a young boy:

 

"My father’s paintings were often copies of pictures in black and white. He could always see colors in black and white print and would often remark 'what beautiful coloring that is’ thinking you could see as he did."8

An example of how Burgum used prints for his carriage ornamentation is evident on Grace Darling, a 23-foot long omnibus made by the Concord Carriage Builders in 1880 for Simeon Parsons Huntress who operated a livery service in South Berwick, Maine.Huntress’ name is painted in block letters above the door. Referencing his name, Burgum painted Diana, goddess of the hunt on the panel below the window. Her dress and hair style are from 1860s, a seemingly incongruous image for a vehicle made in 1880.

.............

La croissance de l'industrie de la voiture à cheval au cours du XIXe siècle a coïncidé avec les progrès de la technologie de la peinture. Les voitures, en particulier, nécessitaient des peintures aux propriétés spéciales, car leurs surfaces devaient être à la fois durables et esthétiques. La peinture des véhicules hippomobiles était un processus complexe. Les voitures sont généralement un assemblage de pièces et de matériaux, et le peintre avait pour tâche d'unir ces pièces en un ensemble visuellement cohérent. Cela pouvait être réalisé en utilisant des couleurs uniformes ou contrastées ou des techniques de base telles que les filets. Pour les véhicules commerciaux qui présentaient des motifs picturaux accrocheurs ou thématiques, le processus était encore plus difficile. Les peintures ornementales étaient compartimentées par les sections structurelles du véhicule, telles que les portes ou les panneaux de crête, et unifiées par des dispositifs décoratifs tels que des volutes et des filets. Burgum pouvait recevoir des commandes spécifiques, comme celle de la Railway Express Company qui souhaitait que son logo, un bouledogue, soit peint sur les portes et les rehausses de sièges. D'autres commandes se limitaient à « une décoration soignée et élégante »7, laissant le choix de la décoration et du programme pictural à l'appréciation artistique de Burgum.

Burgum utilisait diverses ressources pour créer ses dessins et ses décorations.

Comme toute autre forme d'expression esthétique, la peinture sur carrosserie était influencée par l'évolution des goûts et de la mode. Le vocabulaire visuel utilisé pour décorer les attelages s'inspirait de nombreuses sources. Au XIXe siècle, époque marquée par l'eclectisme, les options ornementales se multiplièrent. Pour les peintres sur carrosserie, les revues spécialisées et autres médias imprimés constituaient une source inépuisable de conseils et d'instructions, ainsi que de modèles ornementaux et picturaux.

À cette époque, les progrès des procédés d'impression à grande échelle ont progressivement démocratisé l'art. Les reproductions de peintures sous forme d'estampes étaient disponibles à l'unité ou comme illustrations dans des publications. Dans ses journaux, Burgum fait référence à sa « chasse aux images » lors de ses fréquents voyages au Boston Museum of Fine Arts pour acheter des estampes. Comme le décrit son fils Edwin (1858-1948), qui a rejoint son père dans la peinture de voitures d'attelage alors qu'il était encore enfant :

« Les peintures de mon père étaient souvent des copies d'images en noir et blanc. Il voyait toujours les couleurs dans les impressions en noir etblanc et disait souvent « quelles belles couleurs », pensant que vous pouviez les voir comme lui. »8

Un exemple de l'utilisation des estampes par Burgum pour la décoration de ses voitures est visible sur Grace Darling, un omnibus de 7 mètres de long fabriqué en 1880 par Concord Carriage Builders pour Simeon Parsons Huntress, qui exploitait un service de location de voitures à South Berwick, dans le Maine.9 Le nom de Huntress est peint en lettres majuscules au-dessus de la porte. En référence à son nom, Burgum a peint Diane, déesse de la chasse, sur le panneau sous la fenêtre. Sa robe et sa coiffure datent des années 1860, une image qui semble incongrue pour un véhicule fabriqué en 1880.

L to R: Grace Darling Omnibus, c. 1880. Concord Carriage Company, Concord, New Hampshire. Rear view of the Grace Darling with detail of the Huntress. Courtesy of The Long Island Museum. Gift of St. Paul’s School, 1952.

L to R: Grace Darling Omnibus, c. 1880. Concord Carriage Company, Concord, New Hampshire. Rear view of the Grace Darling with detail of the Huntress. Courtesy of The Long Island Museum. Gift of St. Paul’s School, 1952.

The figure was copied from an engraving by Jean Sartain (1808-1897) entitled Cheerfulness that was published in a book called Memory’s Gift. Sartain was a veteran engraver who was born in London and immigrated to the United States in 1830.He engraved banknotes and book illustrations. Burgum would have been familiar with his engravings in books and as independent works of art.

...............

Le personnage a été copié d'une gravure de Jean Sartain (1808-1897) intitulée « Cheerfulness » (Gaieté) et publiée dans un livre intitulé « Memory's Gift » (Le cadeau de la mémoire). Sartain était un graveur chevronné né à Londres et immigré aux États-Unis en 1830. Il gravait des billets de banque et des illustrations de livres. Burgum connaissait sans doute ses gravures dans les livres et en tant qu'œuvres d'art indépendantes.

L to R: Detail of the Huntress on the omnibus Grace Darling. Courtesy of The Long Island Museum. Jean Sartain, Cheerfulness. Author’s collection.

L to R: Detail of the Huntress on the omnibus Grace Darling. Courtesy of The Long Island Museum. Jean Sartain, Cheerfulness. Author’s collection.

The left rear corner of Grace Darling is decorated with a painting of a stag copied from Monarch of the Glen, one of the most famous and most frequently reproduced paintings by Edwin Landseer (1802-1873). Landseer was among the most popular artists of Victorian England. His subjects included romantic landscapes of Scotland as well as animals, particularly the household pets of Queen Victoria.

..............

Le coin arrière gauche de Grace Darling est orné d'une peinture représentant un cerf, copiée de Monarch of the Glen, l'un des tableaux les plus célèbres et les plus reproduits d'Edwin Landseer (1802-1873). Landseer était l'un des artistes les plus populaires de l'Angleterre victorienne. Il peignait notamment des paysages romantiques d'Écosse ainsi que des animaux, en particulier les animaux de compagnie de la reine Victoria.

John Burgum and the Artistry of Carriage Painting/ John Burgum et l'art de la peinture décorative sur voitures.

Monarch of the Glen was painted in 1851 and commissioned to hang in the Palace of Westminster for The House of Lords. However, once completed, they refused to pay him and the painting was sold to private collectors. It was exhibited several times in London and was reproduced frequently as a print and other media on everything from sleigh robes to Canadian Pacific Railway posters. It decorated biscuit tins and was used as a decal to decorate sleighs and trade vehicles. The original painting was sold in 1916 to the Pears soap company and later to the John Dewar & Sons distillery. One hundred years later it was sold to the National Gallery of Scotland for the equivalent of eight million dollars. The monumental image of the powerful stag against the backdrop of the Scottish highlands made it an especially popular image in  the nineteenth century. Burgum’s copy of the original on Grace Darling is framed by a gold leaf border and scroll work. In his diary entry dated June 30, 1880 he wrote:

"worked on the Barge 19 hours. Painted Monarch of the Glen on the corner and put the lights on one corner and painted flowers in another."10

He painted a bouquet of flowers inside the door above the company name. This decoration can be traced to a prickpattern11 in the collection of the New Hampshire Historical Society. Burgum painted flowers and fruit as borders on many of his vehicles, including the front corner pieces of Grace Darling.

..............

Monarch of the Glen a été peint en 1851 et commandé pour être accroché au palais de Westminster pour la Chambre des lords. Cependant, une fois terminé, celle-ci a refusé de le payer et le tableau a été vendu à des collectionneurs privés. Il a été exposé à plusieurs reprises à Londres et a été fréquemment reproduit sous forme d'estampe et sur d'autres supports, allant des robes de traîneau aux affiches du Canadien Pacifique. Il a décoré des boîtes à biscuits et a été utilisé comme décalcomanie pour décorer des traîneaux et des véhicules commerciaux. Le tableau original a été vendu en 1916 à la société Pearssoap, puis à la distillerie John Dewar & Sons. Cent ans plus tard, il a été vendu à la National Gallery of Scotland pour l'équivalent de huit millions de dollars. L'image monumentale du cerf puissant sur fond des Highlands écossais en a fait une image particulièrement populaire au XIXe siècle. La copie de Burgum de l'original sur Grace Darling est encadrée d'une bordure en feuille d'or et de volutes. Dans son journal, à la date du 30 juin 1880, il écrit :

« J'ai travaillé sur la péniche pendant 19 heures. J'ai peint Monarch of the Glen dans le coin, j'ai mis la lumière dans un coin et j'ai peint des fleurs dans un autre. 10

Il a peint un bouquet de fleurs à l'intérieur de la porte, au-dessus du nom de la société. Cette décoration peut être attribuée à un motif piqué11 de la collection de la New Hampshire Historical Society. Burgum a peint des fleurs et des fruits en bordure de nombreux véhicules, notamment les coins avant de Grace Darling.

L to R: Detail of the interior door of Grace Darling, with floral painting. Prick pattern of flowers, graphite on paper. Courtesy of the New Hampshire Historical Society.

L to R: Detail of the interior door of Grace Darling, with floral painting. Prick pattern of flowers, graphite on paper. Courtesy of the New Hampshire Historical Society.

The interior is decorated with a series of landscapes on small panels between the pillars supporting the roof. These paintings provided passengers the pleasurable experience of looking at paintings of bucolic scenes while they embarked on their destination.

. The landscapes are framed by wide graystripes with aesthetic-style terminations.

One of the landscapes features a shipwreck on a beach. It corresponds to Burgum’s sketch from July 31, 1879 with the notation “sketch of the wreck on the beach near the Farragut Hotel.” This and other paintings indicate that some of his  ornamental paintings on vehicles were derived from his own sketches from nature.

..............

L'intérieur est décoré d'une série de paysages sur de petits panneaux entre les piliers soutenant le toit. Ces peintures offraient aux passagers le plaisir de contempler des scènes bucoliques pendant qu'ils embarquaient.

L'un des paysages représente une épave sur une plage. Il correspond à l'esquisse de Burgum datée du 31 juillet 1879 et intitulée « esquisse de l'épave sur la plage près de l'hôtel Farragut ». Cette œuvre, ainsi que d'autres peintures, indiquent que certaines de ses peintures ornementales sur des véhicules étaient inspirées de ses propres esquisses réalisées d'après nature.

L to R: interior view of Grace Darling, with a series of small landscape paintings visible near the roof. Detail of interior landscape of shipwreck. John Burgum, Sketch of Wrecks, as seen in his personal sketchbook, 1879. Courtesy of the New Hampshire Historical Society.

L to R: interior view of Grace Darling, with a series of small landscape paintings visible near the roof. Detail of interior landscape of shipwreck. John Burgum, Sketch of Wrecks, as seen in his personal sketchbook, 1879. Courtesy of the New Hampshire Historical Society.

The seat riser panels on Grace Darling feature two gold leaf rondos framing paintings of women. The image on the proper right side is based on a photograph of English actress Lydia Thompson (1838-1908).12Thompson was credited for introducing English burlesque to American theaters with her troupe of “British blonds.” Famous for her exuberant dancing and abundant blond hair, she also gained notoriety for being the first actress to wear tights on stage. The original cabinet card Burgum copied was from the Broadway studio of Sarony, the famous New-York theatrical photographer.

..............

Les panneaux de rehausse des sièges de la Grace Darling sont ornés de deux ronds dorés encadrant des peintures de femmes. L'image sur le côté droit est inspirée d'une photographie de l'actrice anglaise Lydia Thompson (1838-1908).12 Thompson est reconnue pour avoir introduit le burlesque anglais dans les théâtres américains avec sa troupe des « British blonds ». Célèbre pour ses danses exubérantes et sa chevelure blonde abondante, elle s'est également fait connaître pour avoir été la première actrice à porter des collants sur scène. La carte de visite originale que Burgum a copiée provenait du studio Broadway de Sarony, le célèbre photographe de théâtre new-yorkais.

L to R: painting of actress Lydia Thompson (1838-1908), as seen on a seat riser panel of Grace Darling. Cabinet card of Lydia Thompson, Sarony & Co., New York. Courtesy of the New York Public Library.

L to R: painting of actress Lydia Thompson (1838-1908), as seen on a seat riser panel of Grace Darling. Cabinet card of Lydia Thompson, Sarony & Co., New York. Courtesy of the New York Public Library.

The painting on the proper left side is based on a cabinet card of Fanny Davenport (1850-1898).13Davenport was also a famous American actress. The photograph Burgum copied was apparently one of a series created by William Roe Howell (1846- 1890) also located in New York, who competed with Sarony photographing theatrical celebrities.

..............

La peinture sur le côté gauche est basée sur une carte de visite de Fanny Davenport (1850-1898).13 Davenport était également une célèbre actrice américaine. La photographie copiée par Burgum faisait apparemment partie d'une série créée par William Roe Howell (1846-1890), également basé à New York, qui rivalisait avec Sarony pour photographier les célébrités du théâtre.

L to R: A series of cabinet cards of Fanny Davenport (1850-1898), by photographer William Howell, New York. Courtesy of the New York Public Library. Painting of Fanny Davenport as seen on a seat riser panel of Grace Darling.

L to R: A series of cabinet cards of Fanny Davenport (1850-1898), by photographer William Howell, New York. Courtesy of the New York Public Library. Painting of Fanny Davenport as seen on a seat riser panel of Grace Darling.

Many of these images were reproduced as popular cigarette cards issued as marketing incentives by companies such as W. Duke & Sons and the Ginter Cigarette Company. Among the most popular of these cards were those depicting actresses who were usually embellished with elaborate hair styles, abundant jewelry and dressed in exotic costumes, fancy dress or tights. There is no doubt that these images were as controversial as the reputations of their subjects. For Burgum, these photographs were useful resources found on one of his image searches. For manymembersofthepublicwatchingthis23-ftlongomnibus pass by, the paintings of Fanny Davenport and Lydia Thompson as well as the Monarch of the Glen on Grace Darling were readily identifiable. Burgum’s  diaries record that he worked six days a week, ten hours a day. He usually worked on several projects at once. It took him 142 hours to finish painting Grace Darling with hisson Edwin assisting him, completing his work on July 12,1880.14ItwasnotuncommonforBurgumtobringmultiplecoach doors at a time to paint in his studio. Doors were often the focal point for pictorial images and had the advantage of being removable from coaches to facilitate work on more complicated  paintings.

One of the puzzling pictorial images can be found on the doors of 12-passenger coach #472 made in 1859 for E. and C. T. Smith of Colchester, Connecticut.15Like many such coaches this example was in original condition but the paintings were obscured from decades of surface dirt and layers of darkened 

linseed oil and varnish. Once conserved, these doors showed images of Cupid armed and disarmed by a nymph, an unusual design for a central Massachusetts stage coach.

...............

Beaucoup de ces images ont été reproduites sur des cartes à collectionner très populaires, distribuées à des fins commerciales par des entreprises telles que W. Duke & Sons et la Ginter Cigarette Company. Parmi les cartes les plus populaires figuraient celles représentant des actrices, généralement embellies par des coiffures élaborées, des bijoux somptueux et vêtues de costumes exotiques, de robes fantaisie ou de collants. Il ne fait aucun doute que ces images étaient aussi controversées que la réputation de leurs sujets. Pour Burgum, ces photographies étaient des ressources utiles trouvées lors d'une de ses recherches d'images. Pour de nombreux membres du public qui regardaient passer ce omnibus de 23 pieds de long les peintures de Fanny Davenport et Lydia Thompson ainsi que le Monarch of the Glen sur Grace Darling étaient facilement identifiables.

Les journaux intimes de Burgum indiquent qu'il travaillait six jours par semaine, dix heures par jour. Il travaillait généralement sur plusieurs projets à la fois. Il lui a fallu 142 heures pour terminer la peinture de Grace Darling, avec l'aide de son fils Edwin, achevant son travail le 12 juillet 1880.14 Il n'était pas rare que Burgum apporte plusieurs portes de voitures à la fois pour les peindre dans son atelier. Les portes étaient souvent le point central des images picturales et présentaient l'avantage de pouvoir être retirées des voitures pour faciliter le travail sur des peintures plus complexes.

L'une des images picturales les plus énigmatiques se trouve sur les portes de la voiture n° 472 pour 12 passagers, fabriquée en 1859 pour E. et C. T. Smith de Colchester, dans le Connecticut.15 Comme beaucoup de voitures de ce type, celle-ci était dans son état d'origine, mais les peintures étaient masquées par des décennies de saleté et de couches de linoléum foncé , d'huile de lin et de vernis. Une fois restaurées, ces portes ont révélé des images de Cupidon armé et désarmé par une nymphe, un motif inhabituel pour une diligence du centre du Massachusetts.

Top, L to R: Coach manufactured by Abbot-Downing Company, 1859, as seen during conservation. The same coach, after conservation. Dark varnish had obscured the original decorative painting of the vehicle. Photographs courtesy of Brian Howard, conservator, B. R. Howard and Associates. Middle: Coach door, during conservation. Coach door after conservation, showing Cupid Disarmed. Bottom:William Hilton, (1786-1839), Cupid Disarmed. Courtesy of the Laing Art Gallery, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Print of William Hilton’s Cupid Disarmed.

Top, L to R: Coach manufactured by Abbot-Downing Company, 1859, as seen during conservation. The same coach, after conservation. Dark varnish had obscured the original decorative painting of the vehicle. Photographs courtesy of Brian Howard, conservator, B. R. Howard and Associates. Middle: Coach door, during conservation. Coach door after conservation, showing Cupid Disarmed. Bottom:William Hilton, (1786-1839), Cupid Disarmed. Courtesy of the Laing Art Gallery, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Print of William Hilton’s Cupid Disarmed.

Burgum’s source for the images on the coach doors were the paintings Cupid Armed and Cupid Disarmed by English artist, William Hilton (1786-1839). Hilton was a member of the Royal Academy and was famous for his portraits. He had apprenticed in 1800 under engraver John Raphael Smith. After he was admitted into the academy he painted allegorical and religious subjects. Cupid armed and disarmed was a common theme in English poetry and found in Spenser’s The Faerie Queene as well as in Shakespeare’s Sonnet 153. Images of Cupid had a long history in European art illustrating the follies of love, a some what erotic ally charged subject. Burgum probably discovered these images as book illustrations and was inspired to paint them on these coach doors. He painted romantic landscapes below the figurative paintings and decorated the lower body panels with flowers and fruit.16

...............

Burgum s'est inspiré des peintures Cupid Armed et Cupid Disarmed de l'artiste anglais William Hilton (1786-1839) pour les images figurant sur les portes de la diligence. Hilton était membre de la Royal Academy et célèbre pour ses portraits. Il avait fait son apprentissage en 1800 auprès du graveur John Raphael Smith. Après avoir été admis à l'académie, il a peint des sujets allégoriques et religieux. Cupidon armé et désarmé était un thème courant dans la poésie anglaise et se retrouve dans The Faerie Queene de Spenser ainsi que dans le Sonnet 153 de Shakespeare. Les images de Cupidon ont une longue histoire dans l'art européen, illustrant les folies de l'amour, un sujet quelque peu érotique. Burgum a probablement découvert ces images dans des illustrations de livres et a été inspiré pour les peindre sur les portes de ces voitures. Il a peint des paysages romantiques sous les peintures figuratives et a décoré les panneaux inférieurs avec des fleurs et des fruits.16

Top, L to R: Coach manufactured by Abbot-Downing Company, 1859, as seen during conservation. The same coach, after conservation. Dark varnish had obscured the original decorative painting of the vehicle. Photographs courtesy of Brian Howard, conservator, B. R. Howard and Associates. Middle: Coach door, during conservation. Coach door after conservation, showing Cupid Disarmed. Bottom:William Hilton, (1786-1839), Cupid Disarmed. Courtesy of the Laing Art Gallery, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Print of William Hilton’s Cupid Disarmed. linseed oil and varnish. Once conserved, these doors showed images of Cupid armed and disarmed by a nymph, an unusual design for a central Massachusetts stage coach. Burgum’s source for the images on the coach doors were the paintings Cupid Armed and Cupid Disarmed by Eng

Top, L to R: Coach manufactured by Abbot-Downing Company, 1859, as seen during conservation. The same coach, after conservation. Dark varnish had obscured the original decorative painting of the vehicle. Photographs courtesy of Brian Howard, conservator, B. R. Howard and Associates. Middle: Coach door, during conservation. Coach door after conservation, showing Cupid Disarmed. Bottom:William Hilton, (1786-1839), Cupid Disarmed. Courtesy of the Laing Art Gallery, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Print of William Hilton’s Cupid Disarmed. linseed oil and varnish. Once conserved, these doors showed images of Cupid armed and disarmed by a nymph, an unusual design for a central Massachusetts stage coach. Burgum’s source for the images on the coach doors were the paintings Cupid Armed and Cupid Disarmed by Eng

Additional images on coaches that can be traced to the original source include a reclining dog on the seat riser of the coach Kearsarge. The dog was copied from the 1831 Landseer painting A Distinguished Member of the Humane Society that is now at the Tate Gallery in London.

..............

Parmi les autres images présentes sur les carrosses et dont on peut retrouver la source originale, on peut citer un chien couché sur le rehausseur du siège du carrosse Kearsarge. Le chien a été copié d'après le tableau de Landseer de 1831, A Distinguished Member of the Humane Society, qui se trouve aujourd'hui à la Tate Gallery de Londres.

L to R: The Kearsarge coach, manufactured by Abbot Downing Company. Previously used by Pittman Brothers, White Mountains, New Hampshire, 1891-1898. Courtesy Henry Ford Museum. Detail of the seat riser, featuring “Bob,” who rescued people from drowning on London’s waterfront. Sir Edwin Landseer (1802-1873), A Distinguished Member of the Humane Society, 1831. Courtesy of the Tate Collection.

L to R: The Kearsarge coach, manufactured by Abbot Downing Company. Previously used by Pittman Brothers, White Mountains, New Hampshire, 1891-1898. Courtesy Henry Ford Museum. Detail of the seat riser, featuring “Bob,” who rescued people from drowning on London’s waterfront. Sir Edwin Landseer (1802-1873), A Distinguished Member of the Humane Society, 1831. Courtesy of the Tate Collection.

Burgum had an active life with his career and family. He taught art classes and pursued inventions that included the production of oil cloth and a bread cutting machine. By the 1870s he was making approximately $100.00 a month for his work that included travel to other establishments for the purpose of painting vehicles as well as furniture and interiors. He made frequent trips to museums to search for (“hunt up”) artistic images to paint on vehicles. During his career he also sold his small paintings on canvas or board based on his sketches of local landscapes and sites such as Nubble Light house in York, Maine and Little Boars Head in North Hampton on the New Hampshire coast. For all of his activities, his greatest legacy remains his remarkable ornamental painting on Abbot-Downing coaches.

Burgum died in 1907.Hisobituary memorialized him as:

"He was a painter by occupation, endowed with great artistic taste and talent, and his designs contributed much to the popularity of the Concord coaches and other vehicles sent out from the Abbot-Downing factory, in whose  service he was engaged for a long series of years."17

..............

Burgum menait une vie active entre sa carrière et sa famille. Il donnait des cours d'art et se consacrait à diverses inventions, notamment la production de toile cirée et d'une machine à couper le pain. Dans les années 1870, il gagnait environ 100 dollars par mois grâce à son travail, qui consistait notamment à se rendre dans d'autres établissements pour peindre des véhicules, des meubles et des intérieurs. Il se rendait fréquemment dans des musées à la recherche d'images artistiques à peindre sur des véhicules. Au cours de sa carrière, il vendait également ses petites peintures sur toile ou sur carton, réalisées d'après ses croquis de paysages et de sites locaux tels que le phare de Nubble à York, dans le Maine, et Little Boars Head à North Hampton, sur la côte du New Hampshire. Malgré toutes ses activités, son plus grand héritage reste ses remarquables peintures ornementales sur les voitures Abbot-Downing.

Burgum est décédé en 1907. Sa nécrologie le décrit ainsi :
« Peintre de profession, il était doté d'un goût artistique et d'un talent exceptionnels, et ses créations ont largement contribué à la popularité des voitures Concord et autres véhicules produits par l'usine Abbot-Downing, pour laquelle il a travaillé pendant de nombreuses années. »17

Texte:

Merri Ferrel

 

Bibliographie:

John Burgum and the Artistry of Carriage Painting/ John Burgum et l'art de la peinture décorative sur voitures.

Notes
1. M. C. Hillick, Practical Carriage and Wagon Painting, page 2.
2. Ibid, page 111.
3. Christopher Wright made clock dials for notable tall case clock maker
Thomas Snow (1807-1844) of Knaresborough from 1833-1845. From
the late eighteenth century, the introduction of decorative clock dials
increased the popularity of tall case clocks. They were often
decorated with popular images derived from prints, a process
Burgum learned as an apprentice and continued throughout his
career.

4. Abbot-Downing’s history began in 1827 in Concord, New Hampshire
with the partnership of Lewis Downing (1792-1873) and John
Stephens Abbot (1805-1871). Lewis Downing was a wheelwright. He
moved to Concord in 1813 and hired John Stephens Abbot from
Salem, Massachusetts in 1826 to make coach bodies. They built their
reputation on making sturdy public coaches that were suspended on
thick leather thorough-braces. These not only contributed to the
comfort of the passengers but were easier to repair than steel springs
for traveling great distances. Three heavy reaches connecting the
front and rear axles contributed to the strength of the undercarriage.
During its various manifestations. Dates of operation and names of
the company are provided below. For expediency, I refer to the
company by its final name, Abbot-Downing.
1828-1847 Downing & Abbot
1847-1867 L. Downing & Sons
1847-1865 J. S. & E. A. Abbot
1865-1902 Abbot-Downing
The firm continued operations after 1902 and made trucks until the
mid-1920s.

5. This Gypsy wagon is in the collection of the Long Island Museum. It
belonged to Queen Phoebe Stanley who was from the Romanichal
(English Gypsy) family who immigrated to West Natick,
Massachusetts from England in 1850 who worked as horse traders.
Her ownership was confirmed during a 1998 inspection when a
postcard addressed to her was found in the cavity of the drop
windows while the vehicle was being conserved. Gypsies did not
paint their own vehicles but rather paid ornamental painters from
income they acquired from horse trading, tinkering, and fortune
telling. The overall pictorial program on this vehicle is stylistically
similar to Burgum’s art, and the seascape on the rear panel is based
on one of his sketches from nature. Its conservation treatment was
funded in part by the Institute for Museum and Library Services and
the Stockman Family Foundation.

6. Concord Daily Monitor, April 15, 1868.
7. Abbot-Downing Company Records (1813-1945), New Hampshire
Historical Society (1963.027).

8. “Edwin G. Burgum’s Comments on His Collection,” museum files,
New Hampshire Historical Society.

9. Grace Darling is a 23-foot long omnibus, sometimes called a “barge.”
It was made by the Concord Carriage Company, Concord, New
Hampshire, in 1880 for livery man Simeon Parsons Huntress (1846-
1923) who operated a stage line from South Berwick, Maine. The
vehicle was listed in the July 29, 1880 Dover Enquirer as a “...six horse
passenger barge of S. P. Huntress of South Berwick. It bears the name
of Grace Darling, and will accommodate 45 persons, it is on easy
springs, is beautifully painted and richly upholstered. It is to be used
for beach or excursion parties, and can be had at reasonable rates.”
It was named after a popular Victorian heroine who was a lighthouse
keeper’s daughter who gained nearly cult-like fame for her role in
saving the shipwrecked passengers of the Forefarshire in 1838. (For
additional information on Grace Darling, see
www.gracedarling.co.uk). After Huntress’ death in 1923, the vehicle
was acquired by St. Paul’s School in Concord, New Hampshire and
used to transport students to athletic and social events. It was
donated to The Suffolk Museum and Carriage House (now the Long
Island Museum) in 1952. It is one of the first horse-drawn vehicles to
be conserved, and is one of the best representations of Burgum’s art.
Its conservation was partially funded by the Institute of Museum and
Library Services.

10. Burgum Diaries, June 30, 1880.
11. Prick patterns have been used by artists for centuries as a tool to
transfer images directly from a drawing to another surface for final
painting. The lines of drawings are “pricked” or pierced. The image
(design, monogram, picture) is laid on the surface and “pounced”
with powdered chalk or charcoal that transfers the outline of the
design through the pricked holes.

12. Napoleon Sarony (1821-1896) worked as a lithographer for
Nathaniel Currier. He trained as a photographer in Europe and
returned to New York to open his studio in 1866. His subjects
included Mark Twain, Sarah Bernhardt, Lily Langtry, Edwin Booth
and Oscar Wilde. For additional information on the Sarony studio
and the theater, see The Visual Culture of American Theater 1865-
1965 website by Dr. David S. Shields, University of South Carolina,
broadway.cas.sc.edu/.

13.For additional information, see
broadway.cas.sc.edu/content/william-r-howell. William Seymour
Family Papers, Manuscripts Division of the Department of Rare
Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library (TC011)
and Fanny Davenport Collection (TC108),
findingaids/princeton/edu/collections/TC011,
findingaids.princeton.edu/collections/TC011/c713.

14. July 12, 1880.
15. Twelve-passenger Coach #472, J. S. & E. A. Abbot, Concord, New
Hampshire, 1859, built for H. & C. T. Smith of Colchester,
Connecticut for a stage route between Colchester, Providence and
For further reading:
19th Century American Carriages: Their Manufacture,
Ownership & Use, New York: The Museums at Stony
Brook, 1987.
Harry N. Scheiber, “Coach, Wagon, and Motor-Truck
Manufacture, 1813-1928: The Abbot-Downing Company of
Concord,” Abbot-Downing: Coach and Wagon Makers to
the World: Concord, NH, The New Hampshire Historical
Society, 2011.
Thomas A. Kinney, Ph.D., The Carriage Trade, Baltimore:
Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.
Merri Ferrell, “The Importance of Conservation to
Research: A Case Study,” Painted Wood: History and
Conservation, Dorge, Valerie, and F. Carey Howlett, eds.
1998. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Conservation Institute.
Merri Ferrell and Christopher Augerson, “Concord
Ornamental Painter John Burgum and the Artistry of
Carriage Painting,”
hdl.handle.net/10020/gci_pubs/painted wood
Historical New Hampshire, Vol. 61, No. 2, Fall 2007
Burgum Family Papers (1827-1922): New Hampshire
Historical Society, Manuscripts Division.
41
Boston. The stage route is painted on the banderole: Colchester,
Providence, Boston, Hartford and New York. Between 1861 and
1869, the coach was acquired by Barre resident Austin Smith who
purchased the Worchester-Greenfield stage line from Ginery
Twitchell, also from Barre. The route included Athol and Barre. The
coach was given by Ginery Twitchell to Dr. Brown, who ran Dr.
Brown’s Institution in Barre. He used it to take students and staff
for outings and events such as the Barre Fair. He gave it to the
Barre Library, who lent it to the Princeton Auto Museum where it
was on display until the early 1970s when the museum closed. The
coach returned to Barre and was stored in Charlie Allen’s barn, a
three-sided shed. Eventually, the library gave the coach to the
Barre Historical Society. For a description of the conservation
project, see “The Barre Coach,” Grace M. Yaglou, The Carriage
Journal, Vol. 52. No. 1., January 2014.
16. Researching sources for Burgum’s work is especially challenging
and relies on identifying the original sources for his paintings and
finding vehicles he painted in original condition, preferably
conserved. Most examples of the coaches that survive have been
stripped and repainted. Many were repainted to conform to
Western types popularized by Well Fargo who bought the Concord
Coach image as their logo, and Buffalo Bill Cody’s Deadwood Stage.
In the twentieth century, these coaches were used and destroyed
in Western films and television shows. I first saw the twelve passenger
coach at the Barre Historical Society in 1991. The entire
surface of the coach was brown from decades of oxidized varnish
and later coatings and dirt that had crosslinked to the surface. Its
ornamental paintings were not visible. I knew paintings would be
on the doors based on Burgum’s diaries and I suggested conserving
a door that would be easy to detach and transport to conservator
Brian Howard’s studio (B. R. Howard & Associates) in Carlisle,
Pennsylvania. Anticipated results would help our advocacy for
conserving the entire coach. With the tireless support of Grace
Yaglou and curator Bertyne Smith (all of us volunteers) we
convinced the board that there were paintings under the brown
surface. With funding support from Barre Village Improvement
Society, the Massachusetts Office of Travel & Tourism (MOTT)
state grant and grass roots fundraising, the work was completed in
2013. It was not until 2017 that I was able to connect the paintings
on the doors to William Hilton’s work. Like Burgum, I spent time
“hunting up images,” until I was able to discover the original
source. I am indebted to Femke Speelburg, Associate Curator in
Drawings & Prints Department at The Metropolitan Museum of Art
for directing me to the Yale Center for British Art and the works of
William Hilton.
17. Granite Monthly, 39 (May 1907), 167.

Retour à l'accueil
Partager cet article
Repost0
Pour être informé des derniers articles, inscrivez vous :
Commenter cet article